OpenResty Private Libraries: High-Performance Lua & Nginx Modules
- The Full Catalog
- What’s Inside, by Scenario
- How Licensing Works
- FAQ
- The Full Catalog
- What’s Inside, by Scenario
- How Licensing Works
- FAQ
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Nginx
Install OpenResty - Complete Setup Guide for All Platforms
- Supported Platforms
- Quick Start (Ubuntu / Debian)
- Platform Installation Guides
- ARM64 / Aarch64
- Alpine Linux
- macOS & Building from Source
- Verify Your Installation
- FAQ
- Supported Platforms
- Quick Start (Ubuntu / Debian)
- Platform Installation Guides
- ARM64 / Aarch64
- Alpine Linux
- macOS & Building from Source
- Verify Your Installation
- FAQ
Minify HTML, CSS & JS Inside Nginx: OpenResty's 120 MB/s Streaming Minifiers
- When You Can’t Touch the Build Pipeline
- Why a Regex Won’t Cut It
- Three Approaches That Almost Work
- A Streaming FSM for Each Language, Compiled to Native Code
- Five-Minute Setup: A Configuration Example
- Four Things to Know Before Going Live
- When You Can’t Touch the Build Pipeline
- Why a Regex Won’t Cut It
- Three Approaches That Almost Work
- A Streaming FSM for Each Language, Compiled to Native Code
- Five-Minute Setup: A Configuration Example
- Four Things to Know Before Going Live
Introduction to OpenResty XRay
- Core Philosophy: A Tracing Engine Built for the Unknown
- Turning Noise into Signal: How XRay Demystifies Production Issues
- Empowering Engineering Teams in Cloud-Native Reality
- Built on a Robust, Open Technological Foundatione
- Real-World Success Stories
- Core Philosophy: A Tracing Engine Built for the Unknown
- Turning Noise into Signal: How XRay Demystifies Production Issues
- Empowering Engineering Teams in Cloud-Native Reality
- Built on a Robust, Open Technological Foundatione
- Real-World Success Stories
Hunting Down a Silent Memory Leak in OpenResty Without a Reboot
- A Complete Dissection of a Production Memory Leak
- Why Are These Problems Nearly Unsolvable?
- A System Transformation
- When Performance Issues Go Beyond Just Tools
- A Complete Dissection of a Production Memory Leak
- Why Are These Problems Nearly Unsolvable?
- A System Transformation
- When Performance Issues Go Beyond Just Tools
Nginx Reverse Proxy QPS Dropped 15x: A Missing upstream keepalive and an -O0 Debug Build
- A 15x Slower Nginx Reverse Proxy β and No Errors in the Logs
- Flame Graphs Expose a Connection Storm: The Missing upstream keepalive
- The Remaining 10% Gap: Baseline Comparison Points to the Compiler
- How an -O0 Debug Build Cost Us 10% of Performance
- A 15x Slower Nginx Reverse Proxy β and No Errors in the Logs
- Flame Graphs Expose a Connection Storm: The Missing upstream keepalive
- The Remaining 10% Gap: Baseline Comparison Points to the Compiler
- How an -O0 Debug Build Cost Us 10% of Performance
TLS Session Resumption in Nginx Clusters: Zero-Downtime Key Rotation
- Why Session Ticket Key Management Is Harder Than It Looks
- How lua-resty-tls-session Rotates Session Ticket Keys Without Restarts
- Comparing the Three Approaches
- Quantifying Latency Reduction and Uptime Gains
- FAQ
- Why Session Ticket Key Management Is Harder Than It Looks
- How lua-resty-tls-session Rotates Session Ticket Keys Without Restarts
- Comparing the Three Approaches
- Quantifying Latency Reduction and Uptime Gains
- FAQ
Nginx C++ Module Memory Leak: Root Cause in Production, No Restart
- The Production Challenge: A C++ Module Memory Leak You Can’t Debug With GDB
- How the Flame Graph Pinpointed the Leaking Function in ngx_dubbo_module
- From Reactive to Proactive: XRay’s New Approach to Troubleshooting
- The OpenResty XRay Closed-Loop Approach
- The Production Challenge: A C++ Module Memory Leak You Can’t Debug With GDB
- How the Flame Graph Pinpointed the Leaking Function in ngx_dubbo_module
- From Reactive to Proactive: XRay’s New Approach to Troubleshooting
- The OpenResty XRay Closed-Loop Approach
The Nginx Worker That Refused to Serve More Than 300 RPS: Traced to a 75ms Event-Loop Block
- High Load but No Useful Work: CPU Contention from a Missing worker_cpu_affinity
- How Blocking Lua I/O Calls Halted the Nginx Event Loop
- Measuring File I/O Latency: Up to 1.5ms per Call
- How Bad Was the Nginx Event-Loop Blocking? 43,952 Samples, a 75ms Worst Case
- Frequently Asked Questions
- High Load but No Useful Work: CPU Contention from a Missing worker_cpu_affinity
- How Blocking Lua I/O Calls Halted the Nginx Event Loop
- Measuring File I/O Latency: Up to 1.5ms per Call
- How Bad Was the Nginx Event-Loop Blocking? 43,952 Samples, a 75ms Worst Case
- Frequently Asked Questions
Nginx Core Dump Analysis: Catch a Worker Process Crash at the First Scene
- The Case: Frequent Nginx Worker Process Crashes No Log Could Explain
- Analyzing the Recording: Replaying the Crash Back to the First Scene
- Root Cause: A Use-After-Free in Nginx’s Connection Lifecycle
- Frequently Asked Questions
- The Case: Frequent Nginx Worker Process Crashes No Log Could Explain
- Analyzing the Recording: Replaying the Crash Back to the First Scene
- Root Cause: A Use-After-Free in Nginx’s Connection Lifecycle
- Frequently Asked Questions
How we solved a CPU bottleneck caused by Lua exceptions in a custom Kong plugin (using OpenResty XRay)
- The problem: high CPU usage in Kong servers
- The analysis & report
- The result: improved performance and reduced CPU usage
- The problem: high CPU usage in Kong servers
- The analysis & report
- The result: improved performance and reduced CPU usage
Memory and CPU usage statistics among Kong plugins online (using OpenResty XRay)
- CPU usage among all Kong plugins in a server process
- Memory usage among all Kong plugins in a server process
- Extra overhead for the servers
- CPU usage among all Kong plugins in a server process
- Memory usage among all Kong plugins in a server process
- Extra overhead for the servers
Troubleshooting the extra 200-ms request latency online
- The Problem
- The Analsysis Process
- Fully-automated analysis
- What is OpenResty XRay
- The Problem
- The Analsysis Process
- Fully-automated analysis
- What is OpenResty XRay
Real-Time Request Counting against Nginx Processes via YSQL
- How to install the run-ysql tool
- Count total requests served in real time
- Filter out specific requests
- Using YSQL in the Web Console
- True non-invasive tracing
- How to install the run-ysql tool
- Count total requests served in real time
- Filter out specific requests
- Using YSQL in the Web Console
- True non-invasive tracing
Lua io.popen Blocks Nginx's Event Loop: A 150x Throughput Fix
- The Problem: 130 req/sec
- How OpenResty XRay Found the Blocking
- Nonblocking Alternatives to io.popen
- Results: 7x and 150x
- FAQ
- The Problem: 130 req/sec
- How OpenResty XRay Found the Blocking
- Nonblocking Alternatives to io.popen
- Results: 7x and 150x
- FAQ
Nginx Memory Doubles After Reload? Here's Why (and the Fix)
- Challenges
- Analyses
- Solutions
- Results
- Challenges
- Analyses
- Solutions
- Results
Tracing the Slowest PCRE Regular Expressions in OpenResty or Nginx Processes
- System Environment
- Narrowing Down the Culprit without Guessing
- Limiting the execution overhead of PCRE
- Non-Backtracking Regular Expression Engines
- Lua’s Builtin Patterns
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
- System Environment
- Narrowing Down the Culprit without Guessing
- Limiting the execution overhead of PCRE
- Non-Backtracking Regular Expression Engines
- Lua’s Builtin Patterns
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
Listing Loaded Lua Modules in OpenResty or Nginx Processes
- System Environment
- Names of Loaded Lua Modules
- Running Directly in the Web Console
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
- System Environment
- Names of Loaded Lua Modules
- Running Directly in the Web Console
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
Analyzing the Most CPU-Consuming Requests in OpenResty or Nginx
- System Environment
- CPU-Hottest Request Hostnames
- CPU-Hottest Request URIs
- Digging Deeper
- Running Directly in the Web Console
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
- System Environment
- CPU-Hottest Request Hostnames
- CPU-Hottest Request URIs
- Digging Deeper
- Running Directly in the Web Console
- Tracing Applications inside Containers
- How The Tools are Implemented
- The Overhead of the Tools
Introduction to Lua-Land CPU Flame Graphs
- What is a Flame Graph
- Simple Lua samples
- Complicated Lua applications
- Sampling overhead
- Safety
- Compatibility
- Other types of Lua-land Flame Graphs
- What is a Flame Graph
- Simple Lua samples
- Complicated Lua applications
- Sampling overhead
- Safety
- Compatibility
- Other types of Lua-land Flame Graphs
How to Fix Memory Fragmentation in Nginx Shared Memory Zones
- An empty zone
- Filling entries of similar sizes
- Deleting odd-numbered keys
- Deleting the keys in the first half
- Mitigating Fragmentation
- An empty zone
- Filling entries of similar sizes
- Deleting odd-numbered keys
- Deleting the keys in the first half
- Mitigating Fragmentation
How OpenResty and Nginx Shared Memory Zones Consume RAM
- Slabs and pages
- What is allocated is not what is paid for
- Fake Memory Leaks
- HUP reload
- Slabs and pages
- What is allocated is not what is paid for
- Fake Memory Leaks
- HUP reload
Nginx Memory Usage Explained: Where the RAM Actually Goes
- How to Check Nginx Memory Usage
- On The System Level
- On The Application Level
- For Traditional Nginx Servers
- FAQ: How Much Memory Does Nginx Need?
- How to Check Nginx Memory Usage
- On The System Level
- On The Application Level
- For Traditional Nginx Servers
- FAQ: How Much Memory Does Nginx Need?